The Nobel Laureates in Chemistry |
|
|
| 2007 |
The prize was awarded to:
Gerhard Ertl "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" |
|
| 2006 |
The prize was awarded to:
Roger D. Kornberg "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" |
|
| 2005 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" |
|
| 2004 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin Rose "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" |
|
| 2003 |
The prize was awarded "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes" and divided equally between:
Peter Agre "for the discovery of water channels", and Roderick MacKinnon "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" |
|
| 2002 |
The prize was awarded "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" with one half jointly to:
John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" and the other half to: Kurt Wüthrich "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" |
|
| 2001 |
The prize was awarded with one half jointly to:
William S. Knowles, and Ryoji Noyori "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions", and the other half to: K. Barry Sharpless "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" |
|
| 2000 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" |
|
| 1999 |
The prize was awarded to:
Ahmed Zewail "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" |
|
| 1998 |
The prize was divided equally between::
Walter Kohn "for his development of the density-functional theory", and John Pople "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" |
|
| 1997 |
The prize was awarded with one half jointly to:
Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)", and and the other half to: Jens C. Skou "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" |
|
| 1996 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto and Richard E. Smalley "for their discovery of fullerenes" |
|
| 1995 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, and F. Sherwood Rowland "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" |
|
| 1994 |
The prize was awarded to:
George A. Olah "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" |
|
| 1993 |
The prize was awarded "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" and divided equally between::
Kary B. Mullis "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method", and Michael Smith "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" |
|
| 1992 |
The prize was awarded to:
Rudolph A. Marcus "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" |
|
| 1991 |
The prize was awarded to:
Richard R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" |
|
| 1990 |
The prize was awarded to:
Elias James Corey "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" |
|
| 1989 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" |
|
| 1988 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" |
|
| 1987 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" |
|
| 1986 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
|
| 1985 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" |
|
| 1984 |
The prize was awarded to:
Bruce Merrifield "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" |
|
| 1983 |
The prize was awarded to:
Henry Taube "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" |
|
| 1982 |
The prize was awarded to:
Aaron Klug "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" |
|
| 1981 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" |
|
| 1980 |
The prize was awarded with one half to:
Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA", and and the other half jointly to: Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" |
|
| 1979 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" |
|
| 1978 |
The prize was awarded to:
Peter Mitchell "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" |
|
| 1977 |
The prize was awarded to:
Ilya Prigogine "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" |
|
| 1976 |
The prize was awarded to:
William Lipscomb "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" |
|
| 1975 |
The prize was divided equally between:
John Warcup Cornforth "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions", and Vladimir Prelog "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" |
|
| 1974 |
The prize was awarded to:
Paul J. Flory "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules" |
|
| 1973 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" |
|
| 1972 |
The prize was awarded with one half to:
Christian Anfinsen "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation", and the other half jointly to: Stanford Moore and William H. Stein "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" |
|
| 1971 |
The prize was awarded to:
Gerhard Herzberg "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" |
|
| 1970 |
The prize was awarded to:
Luis Leloir "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" |
|
| 1969 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Derek Barton and Odd Hassel "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" |
|
| 1968 |
The prize was awarded to:
Lars Onsager "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" |
|
| 1967 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, and George Porter "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" |
|
| 1966 |
The prize was awarded to:
Robert S. Mulliken "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" |
|
| 1965 |
The prize was awarded to:
Robert B. Woodward "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" |
|
| 1964 |
The prize was awarded to:
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" |
|
| 1963 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" |
|
| 1962 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" |
|
| 1961 |
The prize was awarded to:
Melvin Calvin "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" |
|
| 1960 |
The prize was awarded to:
Willard F. Libby "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" |
|
| 1959 |
The prize was awarded to:
Jaroslav Heyrovsky "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" |
|
| 1958 |
The prize was awarded to:
Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" |
|
| 1957 |
The prize was awarded to:
Lord Alexander R. Todd "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" |
|
| 1956 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolay N. Semenov "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" |
|
| 1955 |
The prize was awarded to:
Vincent du Vigneaud "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" |
|
| 1954 |
The prize was awarded to:
Linus C. Pauling "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" |
|
| 1953 |
The prize was awarded to:
Hermann Staudinger "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" |
|
| 1952 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge "for their invention of partition chromatography" |
|
| 1951 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements" |
|
| 1950 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Otto Diels and Kurt Alder "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" |
|
| 1949 |
The prize was awarded to:
William F. Giauque "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" |
|
| 1948 |
The prize was awarded to:
Arne Tiselius "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" |
|
| 1947 |
The prize was awarded to:
Sir Robert Robinson "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" |
|
| 1946 |
The prize was awarded with one half to:
James B. Sumner "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" and the other half jointly to: John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" |
|
| 1945 |
The prize was awarded to:
Artturi Virtanen "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" |
|
| 1944 |
The prize was awarded to:
Otto Hahn "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" |
|
| 1943 |
The prize was awarded to:
George de Hevesy "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" |
|
| 1942 | The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1941 | The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1940 | The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1939 |
The prize was divided equally between::
Adolf Butenandt "for his work on sex hormones", and Leopold Ruzicka "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" |
|
| 1938 |
The prize was awarded to:
Richard Kuhn "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" |
|
| 1937 |
The prize was divided equally between::
Norman Haworth "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C", and Paul Karrer "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" |
|
| 1936 |
The prize was awarded to:
Peter Debye "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" |
|
| 1935 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie
"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements" |
|
| 1934 |
The prize was awarded to:
Harold C. Urey "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" |
|
| 1933 | The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1932 |
The prize was awarded to:
Irving Langmuir "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" |
|
| 1931 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" |
|
| 1930 |
The prize was awarded to:
Hans Fischer "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" |
|
| 1929 |
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" |
|
| 1928 |
The prize was awarded to:
Adolf Windaus "for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" |
|
| 1927 |
The prize was awarded to:
Heinrich Wieland "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" |
|
| 1926 |
The prize was awarded to:
Theodor Svedberg "for his work on disperse systems" |
|
| 1925 |
The prize was awarded to:
Richard Zsigmondy "for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry" |
|
| 1924 | The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1923 |
The prize was awarded to:
Fritz Pregl "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" |
|
| 1922 |
The prize was awarded to:
Francis W. Aston "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" |
|
| 1921 |
The prize was awarded to:
Frederick Soddy "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" |
|
| 1920 |
The prize was awarded to:
Walther Nernst "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry" |
|
| 1919 | The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1918 |
The prize was awarded to:
Fritz Haber "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" |
|
| 1917 | The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1916 | The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section | |
| 1915 |
The prize was awarded to:
Richard Willstätter "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" |
|
| 1914 |
The prize was awarded to:
Theodore W. Richards "in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" |
|
| 1913 |
The prize was awarded to:
Alfred Werner "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry" |
|
| 1912 |
The prize was divided equally between::
Victor Grignard "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry", and Paul Sabatier "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years" |
|
| 1911 |
The prize was awarded to:
Marie Curie "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" |
|
| 1910 |
The prize was awarded to:
Otto Wallach "in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" |
|
| 1909 |
The prize was awarded to:
Wilhelm Ostwald "in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" |
|
| 1908 |
The prize was awarded to:
Ernest Rutherford "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" |
|
| 1907 |
The prize was awarded to:
Eduard Buchner "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" |
|
| 1906 |
The prize was awarded to:
Henri Moissan "in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him" |
|
| 1905 |
The prize was awarded to:
Adolf von Baeyer "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" |
|
| 1904 |
The prize was awarded to:
Sir William Ramsay "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" |
|
| 1903 |
The prize was awarded to:
Svante Arrhenius "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation" |
|
| 1902 |
The prize was awarded to:
Emil Fischer "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses" |
|
| 1901 |
The prize was awarded to:
Jacobus H. van't Hoff "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" |
|